Pennsylvania Council of Churches


 PRINCIPLES FOR LEGISLATIVE ADVOCACY
Pennsylvania Council of Churches
2003 - 2004

Approved by the Governing Board, representing the following church body members of the Pennsylvania Council of Churches:

African Methodist Episcopal Church

  Philadelphia & Pittsburgh Conferences

African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church

  Philadelphia-Baltimore & Allegheny

  Conferences

American Baptist Churches of PA & DE

Christian Church in the U.S. and Canada (Disciples of Christ)

  Christian Church in PA

Christian Methodist Episcopal Church

  Philadelphia District

Church of the Brethren

  Atlantic NE, Middle PA, Southern PA,

  & Western PA

Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)

  General Assembly in the East

Church of God in Christ

  Commonwealth of PA Jurisdiction

Episcopal Church

  Bethlehem, Central PA, Northwestern PA,

  PA and Pittsburgh Dioceses

Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

  Allegheny, Lower Susquehanna, Upper Susquehanna,

  Northeastern PA, Northwestern PA,

  Southeastern PA & Southwestern PA Synods

 

Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America

Moravian Church–Northern Province

  Eastern District

Orthodox Church in America

  Archdioceses of Pittsburgh & W. PA and

  of Eastern PA

Pennsylvania Baptist State Convention, Inc.

  (including the National Baptist Convention of

  Am., National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc., &

  Progressive National Baptist Convention, Inc.)  

Presbyterian Church (USA)

  The Synod of The Trinity

Religious Society of Friends

  Philadelphia Yearly Meeting

Schwenkfelder Church

  General Conference

United Church of Christ

  Penn Central, Penn Northeast, Penn

  Southeast, Penn West Conferences

United Holy Church of America, Inc.

  Pennsylvania Diocese

United Methodist Church

  Central PA, Eastern PA, Western PA

  Wyoming Conferences

 

Introduction

The Principles for Legislative Advocacy: 2003-2004 of the Pennsylvania Council of Churches contain both the underlying principles for the Council’s legislative advocacy ministry and the policy positions that can be derived from the principles. This biennium, for the first time, the Principles also contains printed reference to the denominational positions of the forty-two member church bodies of the Council.

A writing team comprised of the following persons wrote the first draft of the Principles:

The Rev. Donrico Colden, Pennsylvania Baptist State Convention

Ms. Kathleen Daugherty, Lutheran Advocacy Ministry in Pennsylvania

The Rev. Richard Guhl, Penn Northeast Conference, United Church of Christ

The Rev. Eric Snyder, Diocese of Bethlehem, Episcopal Church

The Rev. Gary L. Harke, executive director, Pennsylvania Council of Churches

The Rev. K. Joy Kaufmann, former director of public advocacy, Pennsylvania Council of Churches

Several drafts of the document were read by the members of the Council’s Public Advocacy Action Team and the Steering Committee prior to two readings by and final approval by the Council’s Governing Board.

Purpose

It is the aim of the Governing Board and all who took part in crafting the Principles that it serve at least three purposes:

§      To reflect the policy positions of the member bodies of the Council, where those bodies are in agreements,      and thus witness to those bodies unity in Christ;

§      To serve those member church bodies by providing a compilation of the policy positions and principles they hold in common, and

§      To provide policy-makers with a compilation of the positions held by the Council.

 

Suggestions for use

For the forty-two member bodies of the Council, here are some suggestions for use:

§         Use this resource as the basis for adult classes.

§         Place the document in the church or judicatory library for reference.

§         Use the document at annual conferences as part of a workshop on ecumenical activity.

§         Prepare groups of citizen advocates for legislative visits through study and analysis of particular topics.

§         Review particular policy positions related to legislation and analyze the implications for action within the member church bodies.

Principles for Legislative Advocacy

The Principles for Legislative Advocacy: 2003–2004 state the principles that the 42 member church bodies comprising the Pennsylvania Council of Churches want to see governing legislators’ decisions. The principles are organized around the Biblical concepts of justice and shalom (wholeness, health, loving kindness and peace.) The second part of this document gives specific policy positions held by the Council, positions derived from our deeply held principles. Together, the principles and policy positions constitute the total current policy statements of the Pennsylvania Council of Churches. Part three lists the church body and communion documents cited in the footnotes.

Preamble

“He has told you, O mortal, what is good; and what does the Lord require of you but to do justice, and to love kindness, and to walk humbly with your God?” (Micah 6:8, New Revised Standard Version (nrsv))

The Pennsylvania Council of Churches envisions a Commonwealth characterized by a profound sense of justice in human relationships and social structures at all levels of society. Such justice is rooted in God’s commandments to ancient Israel, in Jesus’ teachings, and in the witness and life of the church throughout its history. Just as Scripture bears witness to a vision of justice on earth, so too Scripture shows us God’s loving kindness toward all Creation. This loving kindness leads to a vision of health and wholeness, of shalom, in relationships and systems.[1]

There are five particular areas of justice we believe crucial to the achievement of a just Commonwealth: economic justice, social justice, civil justice, environmental justice, and criminal justice. There are three areas of shalom we believe will make this Commonwealth better reflect the loving kindness God intends for creation: health, wholeness, and peace.

Shalom: Health

Our understanding of health comes from our belief that Christ is the great physician, for he “came that we might have life and have it abundantly.” (John 10:10, NRSV) A Commonwealth that fosters healthy persons and communities exhibits high regard for those who are physically and mentally ill as well as those who are physically and mentally well. A healthy society does not promote activities that lead to addictions. In a healthy society, those who require health care have access to it and are not forced to choose between health care and other necessary goods and services, such as food, shelter, and transportation.[2]

 

Shalom: Wholeness

Wholeness is achieved when persons know themselves to be worthy of respect simply because they are, each one made in the image of God. (Genesis 1:26a, 27, nrsv)

We experience wholeness in society when:

§    every child is nurtured and educated because each child is recognized as precious,

§    the value of human beings is not based upon their monetary worth or power of position, upon their     abilities or disabilities, upon their demographic characteristics or culture or language, but rather       upon their being part of the human family,

§   its most vulnerable citizens—the young, the old, the poor, the mentally or physically fragile—

§   are not penalized or made to suffer, but rather have access to all that helps create a decent life: adequate housing, food, and nurture.[3]

 

Shalom: Peacemaking

Peace and reconciliation between persons and within the systems of society are both matters of faith and the result of human beings’ partnership with God in God’s work throughout the world. Scripture gives a vision of a world at peace in numerous places, among them “they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.” (Isaiah 2:4b etc., nrsv) Brokenness and sinfulness are not the final words for humankind. God is constantly at work healing the brokenness that exists in individual lives, in families, communities, congregations, political processes and systems and in the environment around us. Peacemaking is the human response to the divine gift of peace, wholeness and reconciliation.[4]

There will never be peace on earth as long as there is injustice. Biblical witness affirms over and over that those who are committed to peace need to work for justice for all of God’s people. Peace and justice are integral to faithfulness.[5]

Economic Justice

Economic justice is rooted in our awareness of abundance—abundance visible in creation and testified to by scripture. “Look at the birds of the air; they neither sow nor reap nor gather into barns, and yet your heavenly Father feeds them. Are you not of more value than they?” (Matthew 6:26, nrsv) Beginning with a presupposition of abundance frees us to live in generosity, recognizing that there is enough for all. God’s riches are not to be stored up selfishly in barns of our own building, but rather shared generously by all. “Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust consume and where thieves break in and steal; but store up for yourselves treasures in heaven…. For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also.” (Matthew 6:19-20, nrsv) and “It is you who have devoured the vineyard; the spoil of the poor is in your houses. What do you mean by crushing my people, by grinding the face of the poor? says the Lord God of hosts.” (Isaiah 3:14a-15, nrsv) Since we are freed from the fear that we need to accumulate, we are also freed to affirm “enough” is sufficient for our needs and best for healthy human life and society.[6]

The whole of society is strengthened as its members participate in and contribute to the common good.[7] We affirm the need to eliminate poverty for it destroys and degrades human lives.[8] All people should be educated and empowered, to the extent possible, so that they can enjoy the benefits of economic opportunity.[9] It is the Commonwealth’s responsibility to provide a thorough and efficient education to every child. The failure of a society to provide adequate educational opportunities for children and youth and opportunities for gainful employment condemns some people to poverty and weakens the fabric of community life.[10] When people have no hope for a better future, crime increases and society suffers. We need to provide adequate supports for entry into the workforce at a family-sustaining level.[11]

Labor is not a commodity, but a means to benefit society and also a means to affirm the dignity and worth of workers.[12] All workers, including those whose work has traditionally been under-valued, deserve a family-sustaining wage.[13] Public and private employees have a right to organize for collective bargaining freely and without intimidation, keeping in mind not only their own interest, but also the common good. Workers have a right to strike, and employers must not permanently replace striking workers.[14]

Through taxation, society provides for the common good. Taxation is a shared responsibility of both businesses and individuals.[15] Taxation in general should exclude income sufficient to keep reporting households above poverty guidelines. Poverty guidelines should be set so that households earning income to this level are self-sustaining. Gambling is a poor way to raise state revenues, as it weighs most heavily on the poor, the elderly, and those prone to addictions.[16]

Given the importance of healing in the Biblical tradition, we affirm that all persons must have access to adequate and affordable health care.[17]

Social Justice

Social justice is rooted in our awareness that God values all people without regard to any identifying characteristics. The Bible affirms that every person is made in the image of God. The apostle Peter testified, “God shows no partiality….” (Acts 10:34b, nrsv) God values all people in their rich diversity, and therefore we support full civil rights for all persons.[18] Racism is a sin and a rejection of the teachings of Jesus Christ. We commit ourselves as communities of faith to eliminate all forms of institutional racism.[19]

This vision is not reality and so we affirm the need to continue the legal struggle against discrimination and prejudice, personal or systemic. Legislation should take into account the historic suffering certain classes or groups of people have endured under the oppression of racism, sexism, ageism, and other dehumanizing manifestations of sin. Furthermore, legislation should consider the disparate impact seemingly neutral laws may have on such groups and classes and be modified accordingly. Programs of education, credit, housing, employment and income, health and banking should address historic injustices and wrongs.[20]

We know that people may disagree about the meaning of given events, as different persons and groups have different experiences in our society. Because we believe it is possible for reasonable people to disagree about the meaning of events, laws that would directly influence an affected group’s life need to take into consideration the opinions of that affected group (e.g., cases of harassment, job discrimination or housing discrimination, and racial profiling). To the extent possible, the law must take into consideration pluralism of perspective.[21]

The assets and earnings acquired during marriage should be counted as owned by the marital unit.

Civil Justice

Scripture describes a good society as one in which those who act with sovereignty provide justice for all. “Give the king your justice, O God, and your righteousness to a king’s son. May he judge your people with righteousness, and your poor with justice.” (Psalm 72:1-2, nrsv) In a democracy, representatives of the people act with sovereignty, and need to provide justice.

A just Commonwealth protects the rights of individuals and groups, and imposes corresponding responsibilities on the whole community that support and sustain the common good.[22] A just society offers full civil rights for all persons and holds accountable those who infringe upon the civil rights of others.

Society and the law should enhance human lives, promoting the dignity and worth of each human being. At the same time, a just society calls all persons to contribute to the common good by achieving their full potential.

We support Supreme Court decisions affirming the separation of church and state; such decisions assure both the free exercise of religion and the appropriate role of government. In a just and religiously diverse society, each person has the right to practice his or her religion according to individual conscience.[23]

Environmental Justice

“The earth is the Lord’s and all that is in it, the world, and those who live in it….” (Psalm 24:1, nrsv) We believe creation belongs to God, and that we are called to act as stewards of creation on God’s behalf. Our stewardship makes us stakeholders. We envision a Commonwealth that honors the integrity of God’s good creation and acknowledges our dependence upon and solidarity with creation. Therefore, decisions that would affect creation require careful discussion among stakeholders.[24] We support government decisions related to the land and the environment that eliminate racial, sexual, or economic discrimination, which occur when people have little or no voice in decisions affecting them.[25]

Within this context, we hold up the following priorities:

§         Protection of species and their habitats;

§         Preservation of clean land, air and water;

§         Reduction of wastes;

§         Care of the land; and

§  Greater responsibility in the use of energy.[26]

Each of these priorities centers on the principle of sustainability. Dangerous outcomes result when short-term practices such as human population pressures, excessive consumption, and abuse of the global climate and the ozone layer continue unabated. Sustainability, however, results when the quality of life for future generations is not compromised by current practices and when decisions affecting an immediate locale do not ignore the larger impact on the entire planet and its ecosystems.[27]

We support economic growth achieved through implementing sustainable practices and not at the cost of environmental degradation.

Because sustainable environmental practices require committed, long-term involvement from everyone, we challenge both government policy-makers and persons within our congregations and church bodies to make personal and political decisions today that honor tomorrow.

Criminal Justice

Criminal justice requires a balance between the rights of victims, the good of society, and the rehabilitation of the perpetrators of crimes. We want a criminal justice system that is just for all involved, a longing expressed in Isaiah 28:5-6 (nrsv), “In that day the Lord of hosts will be… a spirit of justice to the one who sits in judgment” and Matthew 25:36b (nrsv), “I was in prison, and you visited me.”[28] We recognize that prevention of crime is the best way to keep persons out of the criminal justice system. To that end, we encourage the Commonwealth to provide a good quality education for all children and economic opportunities for all adults.[29]

 

We envision a Commonwealth whose criminal justice system provides

·     protection, so all may live in safe and secure communities;

·     appropriate restoration to those who have been victimized by offenders; and

·     opportunities for rehabilitation and redemption of those offending the Commonwealth’s laws.[30]

Consequently, we believe there is no room for vengeance and retribution in the Commonwealth’s criminal justice system. Because we believe every soul is redeemable, we oppose capital punishment in any form because it denies opportunity for rehabilitation and restoration and is often racist and classist in its application.[31] We urge greater discretion for judges in sentencing and fewer mandatory-sentencing laws, so judges can look at the total picture of each case and person before the court.[32] Sentencing convicted offenders to community service programs should be a regular practice. Incarceration should be limited almost entirely to dangerous and/or repeat offenders who prey upon the community.

Rehabilitation and restoration of the offender to her/his community should be the first priority of the corrections system.[33] We urge educational projects aimed at basic literacy skills for all inmates, job or vocational training, expanding work-leave opportunities, and family-leave for qualified prisoners as a means of easing their reentry into society. Since the family is an integral part of any prisoner’s rehabilitation and to facilitate family visitation and support, prisoners should be housed in facilities as close to home as possible.

With some offenders, rehabilitation is difficult. These persons need to be housed in humane, secure settings, and prevented from further harming society for as long a time as necessary. It is essential, however, that attempts be made to rehabilitate even the most hardened offender.

All inmates must be guaranteed the right of religious expression, including opportunity for communal and sacramental worship under the leadership of ordained or otherwise accredited clergy or religious leaders.[34]

Because bail requirements discriminate against the poor and others without access to money, we support releasing without bail those accused of non-felony crimes on their own recognizance and we oppose the use of bail to achieve what is commonly called preventive detention.[35]

 

Part II:

Policy Positions

Some of the policy positions that follow appear under two headings, e.g., “Shalom: Wholeness” and “Civil Justice” regarding adequate state funding to assure long-term care for persons who have a mental illness.

The Pennsylvania Council of Churches speaks to both our constituents in the 42 church bodies and to our legislators. While the emphasis of our work is in Pennsylvania, the Council would avoid an important responsibility if did not, on occasion, speak to legislators in Washington, D.C.

Shalom: Health

The Council…

·     advocates availability of family planning services, and supports individual freedom of decision in the use of family planning.

·     supports legislation that will make relevant medical and genetic information available to adopted children.

·     affirms that government must assure that all people have access to adequate health care.

·     encourages the Commonwealth to adequately fund both chaplaincy programs in state institutions and services, including those meeting persons’ religious needs, that enable persons to make a transition from an institution into the wider community.

·     affirms prenatal care and health care and insurance for the very young. The Council urges designation of state and federal funds to educate parents about the availability of the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP).

·     urges the strengthening of in-home health care support services.

·     advocates partnerships between medical providers and faith communities for the consideration of the moral and ethical implications of bio-medical advances.

·     advocates allocation of resources for health care education programs and for an expansion of human resources in the health care professions.

·     asks that private and public resources be appropriated for HIV/AIDS prevention, for care of patients with HIV/AIDS and for research toward a cure for the disease.

·     encourages legislation that makes more treatment options available for addicts. Health insurance is critical for those involved.

Because the members of the Council believe alcoholism and drug addiction are treatable illnesses, the Council affirms state control of alcohol, opposes privatization of the system and opposes the expansion of alcohol advertising. The Council encourages the just and efficient enforcement of laws addressing drug abuse and trafficking. Further, the Council urges the use of alternatives to incarceration for drug offenders, where appropriate and possible.

 

Shalom: Wholeness

The Council…

·     supports legislation that enhances the ability of families to flourish, recognizing that families are variously constituted. Such legislation would include that which assures adequate nutrition and health care.

·     supports legislation that mandates cooperation between all agencies working toward children’s adoption. Further, we support subsidization for adoption placement of children who otherwise would not be adopted. The Council urges public policy that encourages promotion and publicity about adoption as a means of responding to unplanned pregnancy.

·     affirms that in matters of sexuality, the state rightly seeks to protect the young, the innocent, the unwilling and the incompetent. We do not believe the penal code is the proper instrument of control for privately exercised sexual practices between competent and consenting adults.

·     supports adequate income and provision of support services for persons with mental and/or physical challenges, regardless of cause of the disability. The Council also supports legislation that will provide opportunities for persons with disabilities to work, play, and serve in all segments of our community. Further, the Council supports the concept of a living wage for participants in government programs for the disabled, and adequate funding for such programs.

·     affirms the right of persons with limited financial resources to received federal disability income when adequate documentation and a physician’s affirmation exist. The Council also supports legislation that will provide grants for the teaching of skills for persons with disabilities that will lead to jobs for the persons trained.

·     advocates for adequate state funding to assure long-term care for the mentally ill.

 

Shalom: Peacemaking

The Council…

·     supports legislation that protects families from family violence. When family members are living with violence, the Council supports the family staying together only if it is in the best interests of the children and any other family members that might be vulnerable.

·     strives to make peace between hostile groups.

Economic Justice

The Council…

·     out of concern for the poor, rejects discrimination based on economic status.

·     supports legislation fostering economic compensation and advancement based on ability rather than gender.

·     because the ideals of justice and equality inherent in a democratic society require that education be available to all, supports a free public education as basic to a democratic society.

·     calls for greater state support using the broadest and most equitable tax base to produce financial security for all public schools. Further, the Council urges movement toward parity between poor and wealthy school districts.

·     supports the broad mandate given to public education, including responsibility for educating students differing widely in their physical and mental abilities.

·     supports life-long learning, especially for those without high school diplomas, those forced to consider second careers, and those retraining for a changing economy.

·     believes the use of both qualitative and quantitative means will provide the best mechanisms for measuring student achievement.

   While the member bodies of the Council affirm the legitimate place of non-public schools in a democratic and pluralistic society, yet it opposes vouchers or other means that directly subsidize students and/or their families in non-public education. Further, the Council insists that non-public schools be held to the same standards as public schools.

   In a just society, each person has adequate opportunity to work for his or her own benefit and for the welfare of the community. Therefore, the Council supports the empowerment of all people to obtain employment that provides economic self-sufficiency and economic opportunity.

The Council…

·     supports legislation that will guarantee those who work an income sufficient for at least a basic standard of living.

·     supports the right of public and private employees to organize for collective bargaining, freely and without intimidation. Further, the Council supports legislation to prevent the permanent replacement of workers who engage in a lawful strike.

    Seasonal farm workers contribute to the economic life of the Commonwealth, and are to be valued for their contributions. They are more than an economic commodity. The Council advocates that such workers be treated with respect and be guaranteed the full protection of the law. The Council supports legislation to improve the health, safety and living conditions of seasonal farm workers, and opposes any lessening of the protections already afforded them.

 

The Council…

·      promotes adequate resources to provide a continuum of support services to reduce homelessness. More shelters, more transitional housing and more decent, safe, low-income housing are also needed across the Commonwealth.

·     advocates human services directed toward education, employment, shelter, mental health and substance abuse for persons who lack housing. We further advocate public policy directed toward keeping people from losing their homes, as well as enabling homeless people to find housing.

·     encourages legislation that fosters development of low-income housing stock.

·     supports enforcement of laws that require just treatment of tenants by landlords.

·     affirms the need to eliminate poverty as a destructive and dehumanizing force in people’s lives, and also affirms the goal of self-sufficiency for those caught in a cycle of poverty and welfare dependency.  The Council urges welfare reform that provides adequate supports while persons who are able find employment.

·     strongly supports the availability of 24-hour a day child-care, seven days a week. For those seeking to leave the welfare rolls and enter the workforce, we urge at least supports addressing issues of child-care, transportation, health care, addiction, English as a second language and family violence.

·     supports the concept of family and medical leave, paid or unpaid, for a significant number of weeks on an annual basis so that a worker can care for a new-born or adopted child, or a very ill or dying family member. The worker should have the right to return to the same or similar job with benefits intact.

·     urges legislation providing a mechanism for the conversion of facilities threatened by closure or cyclical reductions in the labor force. The Council further supports initiatives that promote creation of living wage jobs and retraining of workers.

·     believes all persons deserve food security. This implies expansion of the state food purchase program, adequate government funding for school and community-based nutrition programs, and expansion of the federal WIC program.

·     believes taxation should be the shared responsibility of business and individuals. Income taxation is among the least regressive means of raising revenue for public purposes. The Council urges that taxation exclude income sufficient to keep reporting households above poverty guidelines.

·     believes the long-term financial costs of gambling outweigh any short-term economic gains in a given community, gambling is a de facto tax on the poor, elderly, and otherwise vulnerable persons, and is a poor mechanism for raising public funds. The Council opposes gambling and the expansion of the gambling industry in Pennsylvania. The Council believes the state should not sponsor gambling, nor allow other organizations to sponsor gambling.

·     favors choice among utility providers. The Council encourages the Commonwealth to educate consumers about their rights regarding utility choice.

·     supports academic freedom in textbook selection and course outlines.

·     agrees with Supreme Court decisions that affirm the state has no right to establish or authorize devotional practices in schools. The Council therefore opposes proposals to amend the U.S. Constitution to permit school-sponsored prayer in schools.

·     supports public policy prohibiting the use of corporal punishment in all public, private and parochial schools.

Social Justice

The Council…

·     supports full civil rights for all persons.

·     supports legislation that enables government to root out patterns of racial discrimination in employment, housing, credit, health, education and banking.

·     supports legislation that will prevent elder abuse or discrimination.

 

Civil Justice

   There is a tension inherent in being both a creature of God and a citizen of the state. Citizenship includes rights and responsibilities. One of the responsibilities is faith-shaped resistance to the government, upon occasion.

 

The Council…

·     supports full civil rights for all persons.

·     is in favor of ease of voter registration and making retention of the right to vote as simple as possible.

·     believes in rule by the majority and protection of the constitutional rights of the minority.

·     is in favor of campaign finance reform for the sake of integrity of government and the processes of governing.

·     supports adequate income and provision of support services for persons with mental and/or physical challenges, regardless of cause of the disability. The Council also supports legislation that will provide opportunities for persons with disabilities to work, play and serve in all segments of our community. Further, the Council supports the concept of a living wage for participants in government programs for the disabled, and adequate funding for such programs.

·     supports the enforcement of the Americans with Disabilities Act.

·     advocates for adequate state funding to assure long-term care for the mentally ill.

·     supports legislation protecting medical, legal and financial electronic records.

 

Environmental Justice

   Because we believe all people have a God-given responsibility to be stewards of the environment, the Council affirms the following principles:

·     a simplified lifestyle

·     living in harmony with nature

·     weighing the impact of economic progress on resources

·     recycling all possible substances

·     controlling pollution emitted by all vehicles and machinery

·     avoiding over-consumption and waste

·     using renewable resources

·     preserving our forests and wildlife habitats

·     using alternative energy sources.

The Council…

·     supports all measures to reduce air, water, land, noise and thermal pollution.

·     urges the elimination of non-biodegradable products and reduction of industrial processes that generate hazardous waste. The Council is concerned about the safety of nuclear power plants, especially the safe disposal of nuclear waste.

·     supports minimal packaging.

·     supports conservation of energy.

·     supports legislation to preserve farmland and to prevent sprawl.

Criminal Justice

   There must be both law and order in a just society; law exists to protect individual rights and order exists to guarantee their free exercise.

 

The Council…

·     believes individual freedom must not be impinged any more than absolutely necessary to preserve order and promote social good.

·     is in favor of restorative.

·     deplores the growth of prison construction and the use of the corrections industry as economic development for several regions in the Commonwealth.

·     affirms the proper role of the courts is protection of all members of society, restitution to victims, and reconciliation of offenders, not vengeance and retribution.

·      believes rehabilitation should be the first priority of the corrections system. To that end, we urge educational programs, job or vocational training, expanded work-leave options and family-leave for qualified prisoners.

·     urges that prisoners be housed in facilities as close to home as possible to facilitate family visitation.

·     recognizes that for some persons, rehabilitation is close to impossible. These persons should be housed humanely in secure settings and prevented from further harming society for as long a time as needed.

·     supports a basic commitment to rehabilitation through sobriety education.

·     urges greater discretion for judges in sentencing and fewer mandatory-sentencing laws.

·     affirms incarceration for only the most dangerous and/or repeat offenders who prey upon the community.

·     affirms all inmates must be guaranteed the right of religious expression.

·     opposes the death penalty in any form. The Council believes it is not a deterrent to crime, knows it is irreversible, is economically costly and often racist and classist in its application.

Because bail requirements discriminate against the poor and others without access to money, we support releasing without bail on their own recognizance those accused of non-felony crimes.

 

The Council…

·     opposes the use of bail to achieve what is commonly called “preventive detention”.

·     urges alternative programs to locked facilities for juvenile offenders.

·     supports strict control of all handguns, including the mandatory use of trigger locks.

·     supports legislation that would ban “Saturday night specials” and assault weapons.

·     supports background checks prior to a person being allowed to purchase a gun.

·     supports legislation that will address the physical, emotional and psychological suffering of people who are victims of crime.

·     rejects sexual exploitation of all persons while supporting first amendment freedoms. Therefore, the Council agrees that the state has the right and responsibility to help protect the young and disinterested from exploitation through the merchandising of sex.

·     urges enforcement of laws, at both state and local levels, to regulate pornography.

 


Part III:

Selected Denominational References

   The following documents from various member bodies of the Pennsylvania Council of Churches and, in some cases, denominational statements, are referenced in the “Principles for Legislative Advocacy: 2003–2004”. A simple one or two-word abbreviation that will be used to refer to the documents in the footnotes for the “Principles” precedes information on each document.

 

African Methodist Episcopal

AME Econ.—African Methodist Episcopal Church, 5th District web page http://ame-edf.org/StrategicPlans.asp—“Economic Development Fund, Inc” pages on Mission, Operating Principles, Objectives and Planning, 2002 web page.

AME Profile & Beliefs—African Methodist Episcopal Church web page http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/ame.html—Group Profile; Beliefs of the Group; Issues and Controversies; Links to AME Web Sites; Bibliography; and Other Information About the AME Church, July 17, 2001.

Baptist, American

All of the following documents can be found on the web page http://www.abc-usa.org/resources/resol/

Am. Bapts. Affirmative Action—American Baptist Resolution in support of Affirmative Action, February 1986.

Am. Bapts Capital Punishment.—American Baptist Resolution on Capital Punishment, March 1982.

Am. Bapts. Criminal Justice—American Baptist Policy Statement on Criminal Justice, December 1983.

Am. Bapts. Economic Justice—Historic American Baptist Resolution on Economic Justice, March 1986.

Am. Bapts. Gambling & State Revenue—American Baptist National Ministries Resolution on Gambling and State Revenue, March 1978.

Am. Bapts. Gambling—American Baptist Resolution on Gambling, June 1996.

Am. Bapts. Ecology—American Baptist Policy Statement on Ecology: An Ecological Situational Analysis, December 1988.

Am. Bapts. Energy—American Baptist Policy Statement on Energy, June 1977.

Am. Bapts. Global Warming—American Baptist Resolution on Global Warming, June 1991.

Am. Bapts. Human Rights—American Baptist Policy Statement on Human Rights, December 1976.

Am. Bapts. Labor—American Baptist Resolution on Labor, March 1981.

Am. Bapts. Power—American Baptist Resolution on Power, December 1976.

Am. Bapts. Public Education—American Baptist Educational Ministries Resolution on Declaration of Commitments on the Churches and Public Education, (no date given).

Am. Bapts. Quality Education—American Baptist Resolution on Quality Education, September 1983.

Am. Bapts. Racial Justice—American Baptist Policy Statement on Racial Justice, March 1989.

Am. Bapts. Restorative Justice—American Baptist Resolution on Restorative Justice, November 2001.

Am. Bapts. Church & State—American Baptist Policy Statement on Church and State, December 1986.

Am. Bapts. Separation—American Baptist Resolution on Separation of Church and State, September 1983.

Am. Bapts. Welfare—American Baptist Resolution on Welfare and Human Services, June 1981.

 

Baptist, National

NBCA “About”—National Baptist Convention of America, Inc., “About the NBCA” on the web page http://www.nbcamerica.org/about.php July 2002.

 

NBCA Econ. Devel.—National Baptist Convention of America, Inc., “Million Dollar Effort Commission” on the same web page, July 2002.

 

NBCA Social Justice—National Baptist Convention of America, Inc., “Social Justice Commission” on the same web page, July 2002.

 

NBCA Anointed—National Baptist convention of America, Inc., “God’s Anointed Servant: Sure of Eternal Life” on the same web page, July 2002.

 

Baptist, Progressive

Prog. concept—Progressive National Baptist Convention, Inc. on the web page http://www.pnbc.org/Progressive%20Concept.htm on “Progressive Concept”, by Thomas Kilgore, Jr., July 2002.

Prog. civil rights—Progressive National Baptist Convention, Inc. on the web page http://www.pnbc.org/Civil%20Rights.htm on “Civil Rights Advocacy and Activism”, July 2002.

Prog. creative leadership—Progressive National Baptist Convention, Inc. on the web page  http://www.pnbc.org/Creative%20Leadership.htm on “Creative Leadership and Innovation”, July 2002.

Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)

Disc. ecology—Christian Church, “Web of Creation”, section 2 on “Ecology in Religious Education” on the web page http://www.webofcreation.org/education/policystatements/disciples/htm 1991.

Disc. criminal justice—Christian Church, web page for Department of Homeland Ministries at http://www.homelandministreis.org/SOCIALJUSTICE/legislative.htm section on social justice, “Legislative/Criminal Justice Ministries, 1994.

Christian Methodist Episcopal Church

CME barriers overcome—Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, General Conference News for July 2002—(http://www.forministry.com/USGACMEPC2GCOT/GeneralConferenceNews.dsp) Section on “Bishop Stewart and College say barriers must be overcome before moving to ‘renewal’ and ‘revival’”, written by Dr. Kenneth E. Jones, July 2, 2002.

CME bishops—Section on recommendations of the college of bishops to the 35th General Conference, July 2, 2002.

CME FannieMae—Section on CMECDC gives details to General Conference of new housing partnership with FannieMae, July 3, 2002.

CME “David”—Section on ‘Bishop Reddick remembers the “David” in Bunton’, written by Bishop L.L. Reddick, III, July 3, 2002.

Church of the Brethren

COB creation—Church of the Brethren, 1991 Annual Conference statement “Creation: Called to Care” on the web page http://www.brethren.org/ac/ac_statements/91Creation.htm 1991.

COB warming—Church of the Brethren, from the Brethren Witness, resolution on Global Warming called “Care for Creation: Resolution on Global Warming/Climate Change” on the web page http://www.brethren.org/genbd/witness/GlobalWarming.htm 2001.

COB death row—Church of the Brethren, from the Brethren Witness, description of the Death Row Support Project on the web page http://www.brethren.org/genbd/witness/drsp.htm 2001.

COB nonviolence—Church of the Brethren, 1977 Annual Conference statement “Justice and Nonviolence”, 1977.

COB minimum wage—Church of the Brethren, 1988 General Board resolution “For a Just Minimum Wage”, 1988.

COB pacifism—Church of the Brethren, “Church of the Brethren Pacifism in Review: 1708 to the Present”, Fall 2001.

COB peace and justice—Church of the Brethren, “Resource Suggestions for Study—Peace and Justice,” Fall 2001.

COB peaceably—Church of the Brethren, “Live Peaceably with All: Four Bible Studies”, by John Huffaker, web page 2002.

COB peace & social concern—Church of the Brethren, from the Brethren Witness, paper on “The Brethren Heritage of Peace and Social Concern” by D.F. Durnbaugh on the web page http://www.brethren.org/genbd/witness/Peace/PeaceSocialConcern.htm August 13, 2001.

The Episcopal Church

Epis. social policies—The Episcopal Church, “The Social Policies of the Episcopal Church” as adopted at General Convention 1991, 1994, 1997, & 2000 and Executive Council 1991-2000 and prior selected resolutions, 2001.

Epis. proxy—The Episcopal Church, position paper on “Proxy Voting and the Mission of the Church”, produced by Peace & Justice Ministries, January 2000.

Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)

Friends policy—Religious Society of Friends, Friends Committee on National Legislation “Statement of Legislative Policy”, Preamble and Part I, Part II, and Part III approved November of 1994 and Part IV approved November 2001.

Friends clemency—Religious Society of Friends, Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, Clemency Working Group of the Standing Committee on Peace and Concerns on the web page http://www.pym.org/peace-and-concerns/clememcy.html 1999.

Friends sustainability—Religious Society of Friends, Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, Environmental Working Group on “Ecological Sustainability”, Queries and Advices on the web page http://www.pym.org/peace-and-concerns/ewg/q_a.htm March 5, 2001.

Friends declaration—Religious Society of Friends, Friends United Meeting, “Declaration of Faith Issued by the Richmond Conference in 1887” on the web page http://www.fum.org/about/declarationfaith.htm 2000.

Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America

All of the following documents can be found on the web page http://www.goarch.org/en/ourfaith/

G.O. Cyprian “Works & Alms”—Greek Orthodox, Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. V, “The Treatises of Cyprian: VIII, ‘On Works and Alms’”, web page 2002.

G.O. creation—Greek Orthodox, “Orthodox Perspectives on Creation”, Report of the WCC Inter-Orthodox Consultation, Sofia, Bulgaria, (extracts), October 1987.

G.O desert & cities—Greek Orthodox, “The Community of the Desert and the Loneliness of the Cities,” by Monk Moses, 1999.

G.O. Easter—Greek Orthodox, “Easter and Ecology,” by The Rev. Dr. K. M. George, 1996.

G.O. ecology—Greek Orthodox, “Thine of Thine Own: Orthodoxy and Ecology”, by Dr. Elizabeth Theokritoff, 1996.

G.O. environmental intro—Greek Orthodox, “Introduction to Christian Environmental Initiatives,” by Martin Palmer, 1996.

G.O. environmental examples—Greek Orthodox, “Examples of Orthodox Environmental Initiatives”, edited by Alexander Belopopsky and Dimitri Oikonomou, 1996.

G.O. health —Greek Orthodox, “For the Health of Body and Soul: an Eastern Orthodox Introduction to Bioethics”, by Stanley S. Harakas, 1980.

G.O. Holy Spirit—Greek Orthodox, “Come, Holy Spirit, Sanctify Our Lives!”, by Metropolitan John Zizioulas of Pergamon, May 26, 1991.

G.O. nature—Greek Orthodox, “A Theory of Nature: An Introduction”, by Metropolitan Paulos Mar Gregorios, 1996.

G.O. paideai—Greek Orthodox, “Hellenic Paideai and Church Fathers—Educational Principles and Cultural Heritage,” by Demetrios J. Constantelos, 2002.

G.O. sanctity of life—Greek Orthodox, “Pastoral Guidelines: Church Positions Regarding the Sanctity of Human Life”, by The Rev. Dr. Stanley S. Harakas, 2002.

G.O. tradition—Greek Orthodox, “Tradition in the Orthodox Church,” by George S. Bebis, Ph.D., 2002.

G.O. tradition (dogmatic)—Greek Orthodox, “The Dogmatic Tradition of the Orthodox Church”, His Eminence Metropolitan Maximos Aghiorgoussis, Th.D., Bishop of Pittsburgh, 1990–1996.

G.O. truth & tolerance—Greek Orthodox, “An Orthodox Reflection on Truth & Tolerance”, by The Rev. Dr. George C. Papdemetriou, 2002.

Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

ELCA policies & procedures—ELCA, “Policies and Procedures of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America for Addressing Social Concerns, Churchwide Assembly, August 1997.

ELCA creation—ELCA, “A Social Statement on Caring for Creation: Vision, Hope, and Justice”, adopted by the third Churchwide Assembly in Kansas City, Missouri, August 28,1993.

ELCA church in society—ELCA, “A Social Statement on The Church in Society: A Lutheran Perspective”, adopted at the second biennial Churchwide Assembly in Orlando, FL, August 28–September 4, 1991.

ELCA death penalty—ELCA, “A Social Statement on the Death Penalty”, adopted at the second biennial Churchwide Assembly in Orlando, FL, August 28–September 4, 1991.

ELCA economic—ELCA, “A Social Statement on Economic Life Sufficient, Sustainable Livelihood for All,” adopted at the sixth Churchwide Assembly in Denver, CO, August 20, 1999.

ELCA race—ELCA, “A Social Statement on Freed in Christ: Race, Ethnicity, and Culture”, adopted at its third Churchwide Assembly in Kansas City, MO, August 31, 1993.

Moravian Church–Northern Province

All these documents can be found on the Moravian Church in America web page at http://www.moravian.org/faq/

Mor. ch. & state—Moravian Church, on church and state, Resolutions and Elections of the Provincial Synod of the Northern Province of the Moravian Church of 1970 and Journal of the Provincial Synod of 1946.

Mor. crim. justice & death penalty—Moravian Church, on criminal justice and the death penalty, Resolutions and Elections of the Provincial Synod of the Northern Province of the Moravian Church of 1982 and the Journal of the Provincial Synod of 1961.

Mor. environment—Moravian Church, on the environment, Journal of the Provincial Synod of 1990.

Mor. gambling—Moravian Church, on gambling, Resolutions and Elections of the Provincial Synod of the Northern Province of the Moravian Church of 1994.

Mor. poverty—Moravian Church, on poverty, homelessness, and affordable housing, Resolutions and Elections of the Provincial Synod of the Northern Province of the Moravian Church of 1994, 1990 and 1986.

Mor. pub. ed.—Moravian Church, on public education, Resolutions and Elections of the Provincial Synod of the Northern Province of the Moravian Church of 1986 and the Journal of the Provincial Synod of 1961.

Mor. racism—Moravian Church, on race relations/racism, Resolutions and Elections of the Provincial Synod of the Northern Province of the Moravian Church of 1998 and the Journal of the Provincial Synod of 1961 and 1956.

Orthodox Church in America

OCA affirmations—Orthodox Church in America, 10th All-American Council, synodal affirmations “On Marriage, Family, Sexuality, and the Sanctity of Life,” on the web page http://www.oca.org/pages/ocaadmin/documents/All-American-Co…/Synodal-Affirmations.htm July 1992.

OCA ecology—Orthodox Church in America, in the Web of Creation web page, “Ecology in Religious Education”, article on “Orthodox Liturgy and the Care for Creation”, by Bishop Irineu of the Romanian Orthodox Church on the web page http://www.webofcreation.org/education/policystatements/oca.htm July 1992.

Presbyterian Church (USA)

Presbys. 1967—Presbyterian Church (USA), The Constitution of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) Part I The Book of Confessions, published by the Office of the General Assembly,  “Confession of 1967”, 1967.

Presbys. social witness—Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), Presbyterian Social Witness Policy Compilation, Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) and its antecedents, Presbyterian Church in the U.S. and The United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., 1946—1999, compiled by the Advisory Committee On Social Witness Policy, 2000.

The United Church of Christ

UCC briefings—The United Church of Christ, 2002 Briefing Book, Justice and Witness Ministries: A Covenanted Ministry of the United Church of Christ, 2002.

UCC econ. life—The United Church of Christ, General Synod, Pronouncement on “Christian Faith, Economic Life and Justice”, 1989.

UCC minimum wage—The United Church of Christ, General Synod resolution on “The Right to Earn a Living”, 1977

UCC pub. schools—The United Church of Christ, General Synod, Pronouncement on “Support of Quality, Integrated Education for All Children in Public Schools”, 1991.

UCC racial justice—The United Church of Christ, General Synod, Resolution on Racial Justice, 1981.

UCC resurgence—The United Church of Christ, General Synod, Resolution on “Challenging the Resurgence of Racism in the United States of America”, 1989.

UCC civil liberties—The United Church of Christ, General Synod, Resolution on “Civil Liberties Without Discrimination Based on Affectional or Sexual Preference”, 1977.

UCC separation—The United Church of Christ, General Synod, Resolution “on the need for educating members of the United Church of Christ about the principle of separation of church and state”, 1995.

UCC restorative justice—The United Church of Christ, General Synod, declaration “demand for law and order be combined with a demand for justice”, 1969.

UCC rehabilitation—The United Church of Christ, General Synod, declaration of commitment to improving the criminal justice system so that prisons become primarily institutions or training and rehabilitation of the inmates, 1971.

The United Methodist Church

UM principles—The United Methodist Church, “Social Principles: The United Methodist Church—2001–2004”, referencing The Book of Resolutions 2000, copyright by The United Methodist Publishing House, 2000.

UM death penalty—The Central Pennsylvania Conference of The United Methodist Church, Resolution in Support of Death Penalty Reform, 2002.

UM Healing the Wounds of Racism—Response to Resolution 9529, Eastern United Methodist Conference, Quadrennium of 1997–2000.

11/27/02



[1] AME Econ., “Operating Principles”

AME Profile & Beliefs, section on “Beliefs of the Group”, paragraph on teaching and preaching

Am. Bapts. Human Rights, “Biblical Basis”, “Personal Rights and Social Rights”, and the list of rights affirmed

NBCA “About”, entire document

Prog. civil rights, entire document

CME barriers overcome, entire section

COB nonviolence, “Some Principles”

Epis. social policies, General topics under “Economic and Social Justice”

Friends policy, “Mission Statement”

ELCA church in society, I) Affirmations, part D, “The Church’s Response in Society”, paragraphs 1 & 2

ELCA economic, “The Church Confesses”, paragraph 4

Mor. poverty, entire document

OCA affirmations, “Abuse in Family and Society”, paragraphs 1 & 7 and “The Mystery of Marriage”, paragraph 1 under affirmations & admonitions”

Presbys. social witness, statement of 1954, PCUSA, on a prophetic function and statement of 1966, PCUS, on the “Theological Basis for Christian Social Action”

UCC econ life, entire document

UM principles, #162, “The Social Community”, paragraph 1

[2]Epis. social policies, General topics under “health care coverage”, “universal coverage”, and “comprehensive medical care”

OCA affirmations, On efforts to heal the sick and on adequate health care, p. 23

Presbys. social witness, 1997 statement, PC(USA), p. 65

UCC briefings, Health Care Access Resolution, p. 51

[3] Am. Bapts. Power, p. 2 or 3

NBCA social justice, first paragraph of document

Discs. Criminal justice, in the first 20 pointes, point 9 on “Teach the sanctity of life and sense of self worth.”

COB nonviolence, “Some principles”, p. 4

ELCA economic, Section “For all: especially those living in poverty”, pp. 2–5

UM principles, paragraph 161, “The Nurturing Family”, p. 9; paragraph 162, section III on “The Social Community”, p. 19

[4] COB nonviolence, “Peace with Justice”, p. 8 and “Closing Statement”, p. 11

Friends policy, Part I, Section 1

ELCA peace, entire document

Mor. peace and justice, 1951 Provincial Synod statement, p. 3

Presbys. social witness, “On War, Peace and Conscience”, subsection on Peacemaking, pp. 137-151; 1983 Statement, PC(USA), p. 438

UCC briefings ,”Peacemaking”, section on “A Just Peace”, p. 25 ff

[5] Friends policy, Part I, section 1

ELCA peace, section B, “An Economy with Justice”

Presbys. social witness, 1982 Statement, UPCUSA, p. 78

[6] Am. Bapts Economic Justice, entire document, especially part I on Christian Industry

CME “David”, Bishop Reddick’s sermon on I Samuel 30:21-24 re: the men who were too weak to go with the others still receiving a portion of the winnings of war.

COB creation, part II, “Our Theological Understanding,” part C, “The Brethren Understanding of Creation”

Epis. social policies, General Convention of 1994 on economic justice remaining a priority

Epis. proxy, entire document

ELCA creation, part IV, section C

ELCA policies & procedures, “Called to Witness in Society”, page 2

ELCA economic, paragraph 1

Friends policy, Part III, section on Economic Life

G.O. desert & cities, paragraph quoting Abba Markos on casting off cares about ephemeral things and placing trust in God above all else

Mor. poverty, entire document

OCA affirmations, Introduction paragraphs 1 & 2

Presbys. social witness, chapter 7 on  Economic Issues; statement of 1963 UPCUSA, p. 315; Presbys. 1967, sections 9.17, 9.19, 9.25, 9.29, 9.32, 9.33 9.43, 9.46

UCC econ.life, entire document

UM principles, Paragraph 163, part IV, introduction and subsection on poverty

[7] AME profile & beliefs, passim

ELCA church in society, I, “Affirmations”, section D, “The Church’s Responsibility”

Presbys. 1967, section 9.35

[8] AME Econ., “Mission Statement”

Am. Bapts. Welfare, affirmation #5

COB minimum wage, opening paragraph

Epis. social policies, “Advocacy for Poor and Powerless People”

Friends policy, Part III, section 1, first paragraph

G.O. Cyprian “Works & Alms”, paragraph 4

ELCA economic, section titled “For all: especially those living in poverty”, paragraphs 9 & 10

Mor. poverty, entire statement

Presbys. social witness, chapter 7, Economic Issues, ACSWP introduction and 1965, UPCUSA statement p. 391, 1996 PC(USA) statement, pp. 524, 526-528

UCC econ. life, page 30, paragraph on TANF and an adequate legislative vehicle for reducing poverty

UM principles, paragraph 163, “The Economic Community”, section E on poverty

[9] AME Econ., Mission Statement

AM. Bapts. Economic Justice, section II, on Government; resolution on separation of church and state, paragraph 4

NBCA “About”, mission statement paragraphs on social justice and economic development

Prog. civil rights, paragraphs about the struggle for Black persons’ economic empowerment and equal educational opportunity

COB peace & social concern, paragraphs on working to achieve equality in employment, housing and education

Epis. social policies, General Convention 1988, supporting public school education

Mor. pub. ed., third paragraph re: equity and excellence in education

Presbys. social witness, chapter 10, 1957 statement PCUSA, pp. 93-109

UCC pub. schools, entire statement

UM principles, paragraph 163, IV, “The Economic Community”, section E, “Poverty”; paragraph 164, V, “The Political Community”, section D, “Education”

[10]Am. Bapts. Public Education, entire document

Prog. civil rights, paragraphs about the struggle for Black persons’ economic empowerment and equal educational opportunity

COB peace & social concern, paragraphs on working to achieve equality in employment, housing and education

Epis. social policies, General Convention 1988, supporting public school education

Friends policy, Part III, section 4, subsection on education

Presbys. social witness, chapter 10, 1957 statement, PCUSA, pp. 93—109

UCC pub. schools, entire statement

UM principles, paragraph 163, IV, “The Economic Community”, section E, “Poverty”; paragraph 164, V, “The Political Community”, section D, “Education”

[11]Am. Bapts. Welfare, paragraphs 4, 8, 9, 10, and 12

Epis. social policies, convention of November 1996, “Urge the President and Congress to reform welfare by providing resources to help recipients find jobs, including placement, training and education.”

Friends policy, Part III, section 1, subsection on employment

ELCA economic, section on “Livelihood; vocation, work and human dignity” under “We call for....”

Presbys. social witness, chapter 7, 1956 statement PCUSA, p. 232; 1977 statement PCUS, p. 183; 1987 statement PC(USA), p. 582; 984 statement PC(USA), p. 504

UM principles, paragraph 163, IV, section E, “Poverty”

[12]Am. Bapts. Economic Justice, section 1 on “Christian Industry”

Friends policy, Part III, section 1, opening paragraph

ELCA economic, section on “Livelihood: vocation, work & human dignity”, on work

Presbys. social witness, 1962 statement PCUS, p. 150; 1971 statement UPCUSA, p. 653

[13]COB minimum wage, the entire document

Epis. social policies, GC 1997 on Economic Justice, re: “actively promote the enactment of a living wage” and GC 2000 on A Just Wage, re: “reaffirming the action of the GC of 1997”

Friends policy, Part III, section 1, subsection on employment

ELCA economic, preamble

Presbys. social witness, statement of 1977, PCUS, p. 183

UCC min. wage, entire document

[14]Am. Bapts. Labor, the entire document

ELCA economic, section on “Livelihood: vocation, work & human dignity”, subsection under “Human dignity,” “We commit ourselves to....”

Presbys. social witness, statement of 1959 UPCSA, p. 383; statement of 1980 PCUS, p. 229; statement of 1995 PC(USA), pp. 426-427

UM principles, paragraph 163, IV, section B, “Collective Bargaining”

[15]Am. Bapts. Gambling, entire document

Friends policy, Part III, section 1, subsection on “The Federal Budget”

ELCA economic, section on “Sufficiency: enough but not too much”, paragraph 3 and under “We call for....”

Mor. gambling, the entire document

Presbys. social witness, statement of 1972 UPCUSA, p. 481; statement of 1977 UPCUSA, p. 243; statement of 1979 UPCUSA, p. 292

UM principles, paragraph 163, introduction

[16]Am. Bapts. gambling and state revenue, p. 1

Am. Bapts. gambling, “Situational Analysis” and point 4 under “Therefore….”

Mor. gambling, entire document

Presbys. social witness, 1954  Statement, PCUSA, pp. 203–204; Statement of 1994 PC(USA), pp. 582-583

[17]Epis. social policies, GC of 1991, about universal access; GC of 1995, about health care being a component of welfare reform

Friends policy, Part III, section 4, subsection on “Healthcare”

OCA affirmations, subsection on “Sickness, suffering and death”, bullet point 3

Presbys. social witness, statement of 1988 PC(USA), pp. 524-525 and 529-530; statement of 1991 PC(USA), pp. 810-811

UCC health, entire document

[18]AME Econ., section called “White Discontent”

Am. Bapts. Human Rights, entire document

NBCA”About”, newsletter article entitled “Meet the President”, describing The Rev. Dr. E. Edward Jones, Sr.’s life

PNBC civil rights, section on “Civil Rights Advocacy & Activism”

Epis. social policies, General Convention of 2000 resolutions supporting hate crimes legislation at the local, state and national levels that include categories of political or religious creed, color, Ethnic or national origin, marital status, gender, sexual orientation, disability or age

Friends policy, Part II, section 2

ELCA race, section on “Doing Justice”, subsection “A Time for Advocacy”

OCA affirmations, Introduction, paragraphs 2 & 4

Presbys. social witness, statement of 1965 PCUS, pp. 158-161; statement of 1982 UPCUSA, p. 425

UCC civil liberties, entire document

UM principles, paragraph 164, V, section A and paragraph 162, III, introduction and “Healing the Wounds of Racism”, 1997–2000 Quadrennium, Eastern United Methodist Conference

[19]See notes in endnote 18.

[20]The legal struggle against discrimination and legislation should take into account A) class or group suffering and B) the disparate impact of seemingly neutral laws on different groups.

[21]AME econ., section called “White Discontent”

[22]NBCA Anointed, the biography of Dr. Jones

Epis. social policies, General Convention statements of 1995 (affirmative action), 1988 (about government and affirmative action), 1985 (affirmative action in the church), 1985 (affirmative action in dioceses), 2000 (hate crime laws provided by government) and 1991 (hate crimes and the  church)

Friends policy, Part III, section 4, introduction

ELCA church in society, I Affirmations, D, “The Church’s Response in Society”, paragraphs 1 & 2

OCA affirmations, on “The Mystery of Marriage”, paragraph 10, bullet points 1, 2 & 3

Presbys. social witness, statement of 1950 PCUSA, p. 236; statement of 1952 PCUSA, p. 205; statement of 1983 PC(USA), pp. 776-778

UM principles, paragraph 164, sections A, B, C, D, and E

[23]Am. Bapts. Separation, first paragraph of the introduction and the policy base affirming the historic principle in the section on “Freedom”

COB peace & social concern, point 3

Friends declaration, section on “Liberty of Conscience in its Relation to Civil Government”

Mor. ch. & state, the first “resolved” section

Presbys. social witness, statement of 1983 PC(USA), pp. 776-778; statement of 1988 PC(USA), p. 572

UCC separation, entire document

UM principles, paragraph 164, V, B

[24]Am. Bapts. Ecology, entire document

Disc. ecology, “The Alverna Covenant”

COB creation, section on “Our Theological Understanding”, parts E (The Renewal of Creation), F (The Worth of Creation in and of Itself), and G (Justice) and the section “Confession of Sin”

Epis. social policies, General Convention of 1997, “Call on the Church to practice environmentally sound practices and energy efficient living”

Friends sustainability, entire document and

Friends policy, Part IV, introduction and Part IV, section 4

G.O. creation, entire document

G.O. Easter, entire document

G.O. ecology, entire document

G.O. nature, entire document

ELCA creation, part I, A and part II, B and part IV, A & B

OCA affirmations, section on “Sickness, Suffering & Death”, bullet point 6

Presbys. social witness, chapter 6, introduction; statement of 1951 PCUSA, p. 256; statement of 1954 PCUSA, p. 198; statement of 1971 UPCUSA, pp. 582-583; statement of 1990 PC(USA), p. 646

UCC briefings, section on “Environmental Stewardship & Justice”

UM principles, paragraph 160, introduction

[25]COB creation, section on “Our Theological Understanding”, parts E (The Renewal of Creation), F (The Worth of Creation in and of Itself), and G (Justice) and the section on “Confession of Sin”

G.O. creation, entire document; G.O. Easter, entire document; G.O. ecology, entire document; G.O. nature, entire document

Presbys. social witness, statement of 1971 UPCUSA, p. 579; statement of 1990 PC(USA), p. 646

[26]COB creation, entire document

Epis. social policies, General Convention of 1997 on “Environmentally Sound and Energy Efficient Living”

Friends policy, Part IV, section 1

G.O. creation, entire document; G.O. Easter, entire document; G.O. ecology, entire document; G.O. nature, entire document

ELCA creation, entire document

OCA ecology, entire document

Presbys. social witness, statement of 1981 UPCUSA, p. 254; statement of 1984 (PC(USA), p. 349; statement of 1990 PC(USA) on water quality, p. 664, on wildlife and wild lands, p. 665, on reducing and managing our wastes, p. 666, on hazardous waste, p. 667, on overcoming atmospheric instability, p. 669, on ozone depletion, p. 670; statement of 1996 PC(USA), pp. 524, 526, 534-536

UCC briefings, pp. 63-66

UM principles, paragraph 160, introduction

[27]Disc. ecology, “The Alverna Covenant”

COB creation, entire document

Friends policy, Part IV, section 1

G.O. creation; Easter; ecology; environmental intro; environmental examples; nature, entire documents

Presbys. social witness, statement of 1990 PC(USA), p. 646

UCC briefings, pp. 63-66

UM principles, paragraph 160, section B

[28]Am. Bapts. Criminal Justice, entire document

Am. Bapts. Restorative Justice, entire document

Disc. criminal justice, paper on 110 things congregations can do to address violence

Epis. social policies, General Convention of 2000, on exploring and studying restorative justice

Friends clemency, entire document

Friends policy, Part II, section 1

ELCA death penalty, section on “Ministries of Reconciliation”

Presbys. social witness, statement of 1972 UPCUSA, pp. 426-431

UCC restorative justice, entire document

UM principles, paragraph 164, section F

[29]Friends policy, Part II, section 1, subsection on criminal justice and Part II, section 1, subsection on investment in basic and higher education

UM principles, paragraph 164, section F

[30]Am. Bapts. Restorative Justice, entire document

Am. Bapts. Criminal Justice, entire document

Friends policy, Part II, section 1, subsection on criminal justice

ELCA death penalty, section on “commitments of the church”

Presbys. social witness, statement of 1978 PCUS, pp. 194-204; statement of 1980 PCUS, p. 227

UM principles, paragraph 164, section F

[31]Am. Bapts. Capital Punishment, entire document

COB death row, entire document

Epis. social policies, General Convention of 2000, reaffirming the resolution of AO 1982 stating opposition to the death penalty; also sections on “Death Penalty”, “Doing Justice”, “Executions in the U. S.” and “Ministries of Restoration”

Friends policy, Part II, section 1, subsection on criminal justice

Mor. crim. justice & death penalty, entire document

Presbys. social witness, statement of 1966 PCUS, p. 89; statement of 1977 UPCUSA, p. 485; statement of 1985 PC(USA), p. 84

UCC briefings, section on “The Death Penalty”

UM principles, paragraph 164, section A

UM death penalty, entire document

[32]Am. Bapts. Criminal Justice, section on sanctions, point 2

Friends policy, Part II, section 1, subsection on criminal justice

Mor. crim. Justice & death penalty, entire document

Presbys. social witness, statement of 1984 PC(USA), p. 621

UM principles, paragraph 164, section F

[33]Am. Bapts. Restorative Justice, entire document

Friends policy, Part II, section 1, subsection on criminal justice

ELCA death penalty, section on “commitments of this church”

Presbys. social witness, statement of 1978 PCUS, pp. 194-204

UCC rehabilitation, entire document

UM principles, paragraph 164, section F

[34]Presbys. social witness, statement of 1972 UPCUSA, pp. 426-431

[35]Am. Bapts. Criminal Justice, section on sanctions, point 3